The software implements an authentication technique, but it skips a step that weakens the technique. The associated manipulations are intended to generate multiple names for the same object. the zone or domain). it does not sufficiently encapsulate or isolate this functionality from Weaknesses in this category are related to improper management of system resources. mechanisms. An exception is thrown from a function, but it is not caught. The SafetyNet Attestation API initially provided a single value called basicIntegrity to help developers determine the integrity of a device. The code performs a comparison between two entities, but the comparison examines the wrong factors or characteristics of the entities, which can lead to incorrect results and resultant weaknesses. If that happens to the Test Byte Array value, the BitConverter.ToBoolean method call will result in an ArgumentNullException. The program processes a real number with an implementation in which the number's representation does not preserve required accuracy and precision in its fractional part, causing an incorrect result. The software contains a clone() method that does not call super.clone() to obtain the new object. code. The software contains a serializable data element that does not Using this way, it reveals the real identifier and format/pattern used of the element in the storage backend side. The software detects a specific error, but takes no actions to handle the error. A named-callable or method control element has a signature that (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two The product subtracts one value from another, such that the result is less than the minimum allowable integer value, which produces a value that is not equal to the correct result. intended arguments, options, or switches within that command string. The software does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes output that is written to logs. Weaknesses in this category are related to a software system's data integrity components. The software, when processing trusted data, accepts any untrusted data that is also included with the trusted data, treating the untrusted data as if it were trusted. Weaknesses in this category are related to improper calculation or conversion of numbers. The software performs too many data queries without using efficient data processing functionality such as stored procedures. application objects external to the context of the callable, Base level weaknesses typically describe issues in terms of 2 or 3 of the following dimensions: behavior, property, technology, language, and resource. The product's design documentation does not adequately describe Integer coercion refers to a set of flaws pertaining to the type casting, extension, or truncation of primitive data types. Pillars are weaknesses that are described in the most abstract fashion. The software receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes code syntax before inserting the input into an executable resource, such as a library, configuration file, or template. WebThe latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing The product uses the wrong operator when comparing a string, such as using "==" when the .equals() method should be used instead. WebIn many programming languages, the injection of a null byte (the 0 or NUL) may allow an attacker to truncate a generated filename to widen the scope of attack. related callables, I/O capabilities, data types, file names, or similar types of The product downloads source code or an executable from a remote location and executes the code without sufficiently verifying the origin and integrity of the code. Weaknesses in this category are related to the documentation provided to support, create, or analyze a product. The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent The software contains a mechanism for users to recover or change their passwords without knowing the original password, but the mechanism is weak. The application is deployed to unauthorized actors with debugging code still enabled or active, which can create unintended entry points or expose sensitive information. The use of single-factor authentication can lead to unnecessary risk of compromise when compared with the benefits of a dual-factor authentication scheme. The software has a loop body or loop condition that contains a control element that directly or The software does not properly "clean up" and remove temporary or supporting resources after they have been used. platforms. This could cause the program to overwrite unintended variables. The software declares a critical variable, field, or member to be public when intended security policy requires it to be private. WebJSON Web Token Cheat Sheet for Java Introduction. The application searches for critical resources using an externally-supplied search path that can point to resources that are not under the application's direct control. Weaknesses in this category are related to a software system's lockout mechanism. The software initializes data using hard-coded values that act as network resource identifiers. Frequently these deal with the ability to ensure the integrity of data, such as messages, resource files, deployment files, and configuration files. The software defines a public method that reads or modifies a private variable. The program uses hard-coded constants instead of symbolic names for security-critical values, which increases the likelihood of mistakes during code maintenance or security policy change. WebIn computing, SQL injection is a code injection technique used to attack data-driven applications, in which malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution (e.g. The product uses too much self-modifying The software does not validate, or incorrectly validates, a certificate. The software incorrectly checks a return value from a function, which prevents the software from detecting errors or exceptional conditions. The software protects a primary channel, but it does not use the same level of protection for an alternate channel. WebAdd byte type member for Bool properties, AllowGetSystem in WorldUnmanagedImpl. Regardless, validation is a powerful tool that is often used to minimize malformed data from entering the system, or indirectly avoid code injection or other potentially-malicious patterns when generating output. The product prevents direct access to a resource containing sensitive information, but it does not sufficiently limit access to metadata that is derived from the original, sensitive information. not provide equivalent functionality across all desirable Wrap around errors occur whenever a value is incremented past the maximum value for its type and therefore "wraps around" to a very small, negative, or undefined value. Catching overly broad exceptions promotes complex error handling code that is more likely to contain security vulnerabilities. This makes it easier for attackers to trick users into inflicting damage to their system. It lets the agent do things that are not ordinarily allowed. The program checks a value to ensure that it is less than or equal to a maximum, but it does not also verify that the value is greater than or equal to the minimum. associated. Frequently these deal with the ability to verify that an entity is indeed who it claims to be. Weaknesses in this category are related to or introduced in the User Interface (UI). WebBase - a weakness that is still mostly independent of a resource or technology, but with sufficient details to provide specific methods for detection and prevention. While it is executing, the software sets the permissions of an object in a way that violates the intended permissions that have been specified by the user. Truncation errors occur when a primitive is cast to a primitive of a smaller size and data is lost in the conversion. Weaknesses in this category are related to improper management of handlers. The code uses deprecated or obsolete functions, which suggests that the code has not been actively reviewed or maintained. product. A product incorrectly assigns a privilege to a particular actor, creating an unintended sphere of control for that actor. This attack-focused weakness is caused by improperly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks. for the original developer. The code is structured in a way that relies too much on using may prevent the detection of subtle bugs or quality that are used for error handling, exception processing, or similar The software uses low-level functionality that is explicitly prohibited by the framework or specification under which the software is supposed to operate. A NULL pointer dereference occurs when the application dereferences a pointer that it expects to be valid, but is NULL, typically causing a crash or exit. The program dereferences a pointer that contains a location for memory that was previously valid, but is no longer valid. Validation is a frequently-used technique for ensuring that data conforms to expectations before it is further processed as input or output. Frequently these deal with the information or status about each user and their access rights for the duration of multiple requests. context. This includes all aspects of the software development lifecycle including both architecture and implementation. descriptors. Having no default means that a value must be passed in, but it The software receives input from an upstream component that specifies multiple attributes, properties, or fields that are to be initialized or updated in an object, but it does not properly control which attributes can be modified. A function can return a pointer to memory that is outside of the buffer that the pointer is expected to reference. sequential searches to be performed. Casting a non-structure type to a structure type and accessing a field can lead to memory access errors or data corruption. The software locks a critical resource more times than intended, leading to an unexpected state in the system. The product calls a function, procedure, or routine with arguments that are not correctly specified, leading to always-incorrect behavior and resultant weaknesses. The product uses external input to determine the names of variables into which information is extracted, without verifying that the names of the specified variables are valid. A class contains a virtual method, but the method does not have an associated virtual destructor. The software does not preserve permissions or incorrectly preserves permissions when copying, restoring, or sharing objects, which can cause them to have less restrictive permissions than intended. An invokable code block contains an exception handling block that does not contain any code, i.e. The wrong "handler" is assigned to process an object. If not addressed when designing or implementing a software system, these weaknesses could lead to a degradation of the quality of the authorization capability. As the API evolved, Google introduced a new, stricter check whose results appear in a value called ctsProfileMatch, which allows developers to more finely evaluate the devices but the data element contains member elements that are not executed. We made it as simple as possible. The system or application is vulnerable to file system contents disclosure through path equivalence. However, implemented access controls lack required granularity, which renders the control policy too broad because it allows accesses from unauthorized agents to the security-sensitive assets. The software uses or specifies an encoding when generating output to a downstream component, but the specified encoding is not the same as the encoding that is expected by the downstream component. "goto") in code outside of a branching structure such as a switch standardized for the project. This allows an attacker to control the structure of the query. The weaknesses in this category could lead to a degradation of the quality of data flow in a system if they are not addressed. measure exceeds a desirable maximum. During execution of non-reentrant code, the software performs a call that unintentionally produces a nested invocation of the non-reentrant code. The product uses a Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) in a security context, but the PRNG's algorithm is not cryptographically strong. Accordingly, this view can align closely with the perspectives of architects, developers, educators, and assessment vendors. This can cause the software to perform invalid actions when the resource is in an unexpected state. The application uses deployed components from application servers, but it also uses low-level functions/methods for management of resources, instead of the API provided by the application server. describe or explain aspects of the portion of the code with which the comment is The product opens an alternate channel to communicate with an authorized user, but the channel is accessible to other actors. Variant - a weakness supports a variable (variadic) number of parameters or arguments. The software reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer. Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000003 in XG750 during connection rate test. The product uses an algorithm that produces a digest (output value) that does not meet security expectations for a hash function that allows an adversary to reasonably determine the original input (preimage attack), find another input that can produce the same hash (2nd preimage attack), or find multiple inputs that evaluate to the same hash (birthday attack). The variable's value is assigned but never used, making it a dead store. hashsplit - Split byte streams into chunks, and arrange chunks into trees, with boundaries determined by SQL injections prevention, intrusion detection system. Login pages do not use adequate measures to protect the user name and password while they are in transit from the client to the server. actively supported or maintained by the original developer or a trusted proxy Parameterized queries might save you from SQL injection attacks, but might not prove beneficial in case of stored XSS attacks. The software attempts to access a file based on the filename, but it does not properly prevent that filename from identifying a link or shortcut that resolves to an unintended resource. Many applications use JSON Web Tokens (JWT) to allow the client to indicate its identity for further exchange after authentication.. From JWT.IO:. issues. Educators use this view to teach future developers about the types of mistakes that are commonly made within specific parts of a codebase. video games as Booster Packs are from the characters in the game, instead of Booster Packs that are from the TCG/OCG. The product uses automatically-generated code that cannot be The use of concepts that developers are familiar with makes it easier to navigate this view, and filtering by Modes of Introduction can enable focus on a specific phase of the development lifecycle. a Fan-Out value that is excessively large. According to WASC, "Insufficient Session Expiration is when a web site permits an attacker to reuse old session credentials or session IDs for authorization.". Weaknesses in this category are related to a software system's random number generation. A function or method contains too many The requirements for the software dictate the use of an established authentication algorithm, but the implementation of the algorithm is incorrect. The software assigns an owner to a resource, but the owner is outside of the intended control sphere. The software operates in an environment in which power is a limited resource that cannot be automatically replenished, but the software does not properly restrict the amount of power that its operation consumes. The software reads or writes to a buffer using an index or pointer that references a memory location after the end of the buffer. The software does not properly account for differences in case sensitivity when accessing or determining the properties of a resource, leading to inconsistent results. The software performs a comparison between two entities, but the entities are of different, incompatible types that cannot be guaranteed to provide correct results when they are directly compared. Software developers (including architects, designers, coders, and testers) use this view to better understand potential mistakes that can be made in specific areas of their software application. Copyright 20062022, The MITRE Corporation. The software attempts to unlock a resource that is not locked. The product supports password aging, but the expiration period is too long. Weaknesses in this category are related to the creation and modification of strings. WebInjection Prevention in Java Input Validation Insecure Direct Object Reference Prevention JAAS if they have exploited a SQL injection vulnerability or obtained a backup of the database. A product requires authentication, but the product has an alternate path or channel that does not require authentication. A constant symbolic reference to an object is used, even though the reference can resolve to a different object over time. Below these top-level entries are weaknesses are varying levels of abstraction. Frequently these deal with the ability to enforce that agents have the required permissions before performing certain operations, such as modifying data. A function returns the address of a stack variable, which will cause unintended program behavior, typically in the form of a crash. A regular expression is overly restrictive, which prevents dangerous values from being detected. measurement exceeds a desirable maximum. the code or does not follow expected standards for the The program defines a signal handler that calls a non-reentrant function. The software calls a non-reentrant function in a concurrent context in which a competing code sequence (e.g. in case of strcpy, it stops copying the buffer as soon as a NULL (0x00) byte is encountered. When your WAF uses older version of the default rule set Covert timing channels convey information by modulating some aspect of system behavior over time, so that the program receiving the information can observe system behavior and infer protected information. They can be difficult to find automatically, since they typically involve legitimate use of the application's functionality. that is still mostly independent of a resource or technology, but with sufficient details to provide specific methods for detection and prevention. A process is invoked with sensitive command-line arguments, environment variables, or other elements that can be seen by other processes on the operating system. The software contains a serializable, storable data element such as a field or member, The software defines a signal handler that contains code sequences that are not asynchronous-safe, i.e., the functionality is not reentrant, or it can be interrupted. Need help with your assignment essay? With our money back guarantee, our customers have the right to request and get a refund at any stage of their order in case something goes wrong. children. When converting from one data type to another, such as long to integer, data can be omitted or translated in a way that produces unexpected values. The UI performs the wrong action with respect to the user's request. Weaknesses in this category are related to improper assignment or handling of permissions. Get 247 customer support help when you place a homework help service order with us. NC-83469: SSL VPN: Dashboard doesn't reflect remote users details. The software receives data from an upstream component, but does not completely filter special elements before sending it to a downstream component. The software logs too much information, making log files hard to process and possibly hindering recovery efforts or forensic analysis after an attack. The code is compiled without sufficient warnings enabled, which It is important to realize that not every CWE will be represented in this view. horizontal layers. The product does not have a mechanism in place for managing password aging. preserving the associated information in a narrower, more local If a web server does not fully parse requested URLs before it examines them for authorization, it may be possible for an attacker to bypass authorization protection. A product acts as an intermediary or monitor between two or more endpoints, but it does not have a complete model of an endpoint's features, behaviors, or state, potentially causing the product to perform incorrect actions based on this incomplete model. Two distinct privileges, roles, capabilities, or rights can be combined in a way that allows an entity to perform unsafe actions that would not be allowed without that combination. The software does not properly restrict reading from or writing to dynamically-identified variables. The software uses obfuscation or encryption of inputs that should not be mutable by an external actor, but the software does not use integrity checks to detect if those inputs have been modified. Categories (which are not technically weaknesses) are special CWE entries used to group weaknesses that share a common characteristic. Duplicate keys in associative lists can lead to non-unique keys being mistaken for an error. The code contains comments that suggest the presence of bugs, incomplete functionality, or weaknesses. The software uses a signal handler that introduces a race condition. In some cases, the attacker can directly control or influence the environment to trigger the rare conditions. Orchestrating and correlating your tests ensures that security doesnt slow you down, even across multiple tools and vendors. The software uses a storable data element that does not have more than one instance of data. Nonces should be used for the present occasion and only once. The code contains callable control elements that The program invokes a potentially dangerous function that could introduce a vulnerability if it is used incorrectly, but the function can also be used safely. Obscuring a password with a trivial encoding does not protect the password. The product's behaviors indicate important differences that may be observed by unauthorized actors in a way that reveals (1) its internal state or decision process, or (2) differences from other products with equivalent functionality. The software uses a Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) but does not correctly manage seeds. The software does not properly determine which state it is in, causing it to assume it is in state X when in fact it is in state Y, causing it to perform incorrect operations in a security-relevant manner. WebTransforming your business through software requires speed and agility. The program performs pointer arithmetic on a valid pointer, but it uses an offset that can point outside of the intended range of valid memory locations for the resulting pointer. consistently use the same naming conventions for variables, callables, groups of There are many varieties of validation (see CWE-20, which is just for input validation). We got you covered! A UI function is obsolete and the product does not warn the user. that do not consistently provide a prologue or header that has been If two threads of execution use a resource simultaneously, there exists the possibility that resources may be used while invalid, in turn making the state of execution undefined. The software does not use a standardized method for handling errors throughout the code, which might introduce inconsistent error handling and resultant weaknesses. The product or code does not isolate system-dependent Weaknesses in this category are related to the use of built-in functions or external APIs. Password hashing libraries need to be able to use input that may contain a NULL byte. The software performs unconditional control transfer (such as a The software uses or accesses a file descriptor after it has been closed. This category includes weaknesses that occur if a function does not generate the correct return/status code, or if the application does not handle all possible return/status codes that could be generated by a function. The software does not properly check when a function or operation returns a value that is legitimate for the function, but is not expected by the software. Base level weaknesses are used to present a more specific type of weakness. Classes are still very abstract, typically independent of any specific language or technology. See the example Using TLS for more information. SQL injection must exploit a security vulnerability in an application's software, for example, when user input is either incorrectly commented out within its body. The storage of passwords in a recoverable format makes them subject to password reuse attacks by malicious users. The software does not terminate or incorrectly terminates a string or array with a null character or equivalent terminator. The device uses an algorithm that is predictable and generates a pseudo-random number. parameters/arguments. The software's architecture contains too many - or too few - The product's code, documentation, or other artifacts do not The product creates a search index of private or sensitive documents, but it does not properly limit index access to actors who are authorized to see the original information. The software uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize absolute path sequences such as "/abs/path" that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory. The software does not handle or incorrectly handles inputs that are related to complex structures. The software uses a sequential operation to read or write a buffer, but it uses an incorrect length value that causes it to access memory that is outside of the bounds of the buffer. or setting global variables throughout various points in the code, instead of The software checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check. This may prevent it from detecting if the data has been modified or corrupted in transmission. The source code uses literal constants that may need to change In a language where the user can influence the name of a variable at runtime, if the variable names are not controlled, an attacker can read or write to arbitrary variables, or access arbitrary functions. The developer builds a security-critical protection mechanism into the software, but the processor optimizes the execution of the program such that the mechanism is removed or modified. it expects a digit (0-9) but is provided with a letter (A-Z). The software constructs all or part of an SQL command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended SQL command when it is sent to a downstream component. WebTo make a complete system with the highest security level, we need to do more (such as MySQL injection prevention, making HTTPS become REST API, using Json format for data ). Presumably, most bugs related to common conditions are found and eliminated during development and testing. The software uses external input to dynamically construct an XPath expression used to retrieve data from an XML database, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes that input. The software properly neutralizes certain special elements, but it improperly neutralizes equivalent special elements. The program uses an expression in which operator precedence causes incorrect logic to be used. The application does not record or display information that would be important for identifying the source or nature of an attack, or determining if an action is safe. The code contains a data element with a pointer that does not have an associated copy or constructor method. to separate lines or records, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes CRLF sequences from inputs. The software stores sensitive information in a file system or device that does not have built-in access control. sufficiently place the definitions of these constants into a more centralized or A source code file has too many lines of The software uses or accesses a resource that has not been initialized. A product performs a series of non-atomic actions to switch between contexts that cross privilege or other security boundaries, but a race condition allows an attacker to modify or misrepresent the product's behavior during the switch. WebAny thread of the process can store and retrieve values in its own slot, referenced by the allocated key. The application does not use, or incorrectly uses, an input validation framework that is provided by the source language or an independent library. The application does not properly prevent sensitive system-level information from being accessed by unauthorized actors who do not have the same level of access to the underlying system as the application does. Weaknesses in this category are related to improper handling of locks that are used to control access to resources. Weaknesses in this category are related to the creation or neutralization of data using an incorrect format. The software performs a data query with a large number of joins one concrete class. The software does not handle or incorrectly handles when it has insufficient privileges to perform an operation, leading to resultant weaknesses. A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the software makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes). (Use of Hard-coded, Security-relevant Constants), (Object Model Violation: Just One of Equals and Hashcode Defined), (Function Call with Incorrectly Specified Arguments), (Use of Multiple Resources with Duplicate Identifier), (Data Element Aggregating an Excessively Large Number of Non-Primitive Elements), (Architecture with Number of Horizontal Layers Outside of Expected Range), (Parent Class with a Virtual Destructor and a Child Class without a Virtual Destructor), (Creation of Immutable Text Using String Concatenation), (Invokable Control Element with Large Number of Outward Calls), (Excessive Data Query Operations in a Large Data Table), (Excessive Platform Resource Consumption within a Loop), (Creation of Class Instance within a Static Code Block), (Runtime Resource Management Control Element in a Component Built to Run on Application Servers), (Excessive Execution of Sequential Searches of Data Resource), (Serializable Data Element Containing non-Serializable Item Elements), (Data Resource Access without Use of Connection Pooling), (Non-SQL Invokable Control Element with Excessive Number of Data Resource Accesses), (Parent Class without Virtual Destructor Method), (Class Instance Self Destruction Control Element), (Invokable Control Element with Excessive File or Data Access Operations), (Invokable Control Element with Excessive Volume of Commented-out Code), (Class with Virtual Method without a Virtual Destructor), (Large Data Table with Excessive Number of Indices), (Use of Object without Invoking Destructor Method), (Use of Same Invokable Control Element in Multiple Architectural Layers), (Excessive Index Range Scan for a Data Resource), (Persistent Storable Data Element without Associated Comparison Control Element), (Data Element containing Pointer Item without Proper Copy Control Element), (Inconsistent Naming Conventions for Identifiers), (Reliance on Runtime Component in Generated Code), (Reliance on Machine-Dependent Data Representation), (Use of Platform-Dependent Third Party Components), (Use of Unmaintained Third Party Components), (Insufficient Isolation of Symbolic Constant Definitions), (Use of Same Variable for Multiple Purposes), (Source Code Element without Standard Prologue), (Callable with Insufficient Behavioral Summary), (Declaration of Variable with Unnecessarily Wide Scope), (Compilation with Insufficient Warnings or Errors), (Incorrect Use of Autoboxing and Unboxing for Performance Critical Operations), (Incorrect Behavior Order: Early Validation), (Incorrect Behavior Order: Early Amplification), (Behavioral Change in New Version or Environment), (Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')), (Compiler Optimization Removal or Modification of Security-critical Code), (Loop with Unreachable Exit Condition ('Infinite Loop')), (Improper Enforcement of a Single, Unique Action), (Improper Enforcement of Behavioral Workflow), (Processor Optimization Removal or Modification of Security-critical Code), (Weak Password Recovery Mechanism for Forgotten Password), (Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling), (Premature Release of Resource During Expected Lifetime), (Improper Enforcement of Message Integrity During Transmission in a Communication Channel), (Improper Verification of Source of a Communication Channel), (Incorrectly Specified Destination in a Communication Channel), (Multiple Inheritance from Concrete Classes), (Invokable Control Element with Variadic Parameters), (Excessive Number of Inefficient Server-Side Data Accesses), (Invokable Control Element with Signature Containing an Excessive Number of Parameters), (Class with Excessively Deep Inheritance), (Unconditional Control Flow Transfer outside of Switch Block), (Source Code File with Excessive Number of Lines of Code), (Class with Excessive Number of Child Classes), (Loop Condition Value Update within the Loop), (Excessive Use of Unconditional Branching), (Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition), (Symbolic Name not Mapping to Correct Object), (Race Condition During Access to Alternate Channel), (Unsynchronized Access to Shared Data in a Multithreaded Context), (Use of a Non-reentrant Function in a Concurrent Context), (Invokable Control Element in Multi-Thread Context with non-Final Static Storable or Member Element), (Synchronous Access of Remote Resource without Timeout), (Storing Passwords in a Recoverable Format), (Use of Password Hash With Insufficient Computational Effort), (Incorrect Usage of Seeds in Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG)), (Use of Cryptographically Weak Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG)), (Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature), (Use of a Cryptographic Primitive with a Risky Implementation), (Reusing a Nonce, Key Pair in Encryption), (Acceptance of Extraneous Untrusted Data With Trusted Data), (Improper Validation of Integrity Check Value), (Download of Code Without Integrity Check), (Reliance on Cookies without Validation and Integrity Checking), (Reliance on Obfuscation or Encryption of Security-Relevant Inputs without Integrity Checking), (Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere), (Improper Handling of Length Parameter Inconsistency), (Improper Handling of Missing Special Element), (Improper Handling of Additional Special Element), (Improper Handling of Inconsistent Special Elements), (Improper Handling of Structural Elements), (Improper Handling of Unexpected Data Type), (Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)), (Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID)), (External Control of Assumed-Immutable Web Parameter), (URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')), (Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference), (Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')), (Improper Neutralization of Equivalent Special Elements), (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')), (Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')), (Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')), (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')), (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an LDAP Query ('LDAP Injection')), (XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)), (Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection')), (Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')), (Improper Neutralization of Directives in Statically Saved Code ('Static Code Injection')), (Duplicate Key in Associative List (Alist)), (Improper Restriction of Names for Files and Other Resources), (Improper Neutralization of Data within XPath Expressions ('XPath Injection')), (Improper Neutralization of Data within XQuery Expressions ('XQuery Injection')), (Incomplete Filtering of Special Elements), (Only Filtering Special Elements at a Specified Location), (Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context), (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an Expression Language Statement ('Expression Language Injection')), (Improper Neutralization of Formula Elements in a CSV File), (Inconsistency Between Implementation and Documented Design), (Incomplete Documentation of Program Execution), (Insufficient Documentation of Error Handling Techniques), (Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence), (Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')), (Improper Handling of File Names that Identify Virtual Resources), (Creation of Temporary File With Insecure Permissions), (Creation of Temporary File in Directory with Insecure Permissions), (Invocation of a Control Element at an Unnecessarily Deep Horizontal Layer), (Data Access Operations Outside of Expected Data Manager Component), (Parent Class with References to Child Class), (Data Access from Outside Expected Data Manager Component), (Method Containing Access of a Member Element from Another Class), (Insufficient Isolation of System-Dependent Functions), (Insufficient Encapsulation of Machine-Dependent Functionality), (Error Conditions, Return Values, Status Codes), (Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information), (Incorrect Check of Function Return Value), (Detection of Error Condition Without Action), (Use of NullPointerException Catch to Detect NULL Pointer Dereference), (Declaration of Catch for Generic Exception), (Declaration of Throws for Generic Exception), (Missing Standardized Error Handling Mechanism), (Attempt to Access Child of a Non-structure Pointer), (Comparison of Object References Instead of Object Contents), (Dangerous Signal Handler not Disabled During Sensitive Operations), (Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type), (Signal Handler Use of a Non-reentrant Function), (Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data), (Improper Removal of Sensitive Information Before Storage or Transfer), (Exposure of Sensitive Information Due to Incompatible Policies), (Invocation of Process Using Visible Sensitive Information), (Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Debugging Code), (Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information), (Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information), (Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor), (Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere), (Use of Cache Containing Sensitive Information), (Inclusion of Sensitive Information in Source Code), (Storage of Sensitive Data in a Mechanism without Access Control), (Exposure of Sensitive Information Through Metadata), (Sensitive Information in Resource Not Removed Before Reuse), (External Initialization of Trusted Variables or Data Stores), (Initialization with Hard-Coded Network Resource Configuration Data), (Excessive Use of Hard-Coded Literals in Initialization), (Insecure Default Initialization of Resource), (Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')), (Access of Memory Location Before Start of Buffer), (Access of Memory Location After End of Buffer), (Buffer Access with Incorrect Length Value), (Incorrect Conversion between Numeric Types), (Numeric Range Comparison Without Minimum Check), (Floating Point Comparison with Incorrect Operator), (Insufficient Precision or Accuracy of a Real Number), (Incorrect Parsing of Numbers with Different Radices), (Insecure Preserved Inherited Permissions), (Incorrect Execution-Assigned Permissions), (Improper Handling of Insufficient Permissions or Privileges ), (Access to Critical Private Variable via Public Method), (Return of Pointer Value Outside of Expected Range), (Use of Pointer Subtraction to Determine Size), (Assignment of a Fixed Address to a Pointer), (Release of Invalid Pointer or Reference), (Creation of chroot Jail Without Changing Working Directory), (Improper Handling of Insufficient Privileges), (Predictable Exact Value from Previous Values), (Predictable Value Range from Previous Values), (Use of Predictable Algorithm in Random Number Generator), (Unrestricted Externally Accessible Lock), (Multiple Unlocks of a Critical Resource), (Unlock of a Resource that is not Locked), (Exposure of File Descriptor to Unintended Control Sphere ('File Descriptor Leak')), (Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')), (Dangling Database Cursor ('Cursor Injection')), (Missing Reference to Active Allocated Resource), (Missing Release of Resource after Effective Lifetime), (Improper Control of Dynamically-Identified Variables), (Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes), (Improper Restriction of Power Consumption), (Signal Handler with Functionality that is not Asynchronous-Safe), (Signal Handler Function Associated with Multiple Signals), (External Control of System or Configuration Setting), (Passing Mutable Objects to an Untrusted Method), (Returning a Mutable Object to an Untrusted Caller), (Unintended Reentrant Invocation of Non-reentrant Code Via Nested Calls), (Use of Externally-Controlled Format String), (Incorrect Calculation of Multi-Byte String Length), (Use of Wrong Operator in String Comparison), (Access of Resource Using Incompatible Type ('Type Confusion')), (Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information in GUI), (Product UI does not Warn User of Unsafe Actions), (Insufficient UI Warning of Dangerous Operations), (Unimplemented or Unsupported Feature in UI), (Insufficient Visual Distinction of Homoglyphs Presented to User), (Improper Restriction of Rendered UI Layers or Frames), (Exposure of Data Element to Wrong Session), Use of Function with Inconsistent Implementations, Truncation of Security-relevant Information, Omission of Security-relevant Information, Obscured Security-relevant Information by Alternate Name, Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File, Authentication Bypass Using an Alternate Path or Channel, Improper Following of a Certificate's Chain of Trust, Improper Check for Certificate Revocation, Incorrect Implementation of Authentication Algorithm, Authentication Bypass by Primary Weakness, Missing Authentication for Critical Function, Improper Restriction of Excessive Authentication Attempts, Use of Password System for Primary Authentication, Key Exchange without Entity Authentication, Overly Restrictive Account Lockout Mechanism, Use of Password Hash Instead of Password for Authentication, Incorrect Behavior Order: Authorization Before Parsing and Canonicalization, Improper Authorization of Index Containing Sensitive Information, Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key, Improper Authorization in Handler for Custom URL Scheme, Insufficient Granularity of Access Control, Missing Default Case in Multiple Condition Expression, Use of Hard-coded, Security-relevant Constants, Object Model Violation: Just One of Equals and Hashcode Defined, Function Call with Incorrectly Specified Arguments, Use of Multiple Resources with Duplicate Identifier, Data Element Aggregating an Excessively Large Number of Non-Primitive Elements, Architecture with Number of Horizontal Layers Outside of Expected Range, Parent Class with a Virtual Destructor and a Child Class without a Virtual Destructor, Creation of Immutable Text Using String Concatenation, Invokable Control Element with Large Number of Outward Calls, Excessive Data Query Operations in a Large Data Table, Excessive Platform Resource Consumption within a Loop, Creation of Class Instance within a Static Code Block, Runtime Resource Management Control Element in a Component Built to Run on Application Servers, Excessive Execution of Sequential Searches of Data Resource, Serializable Data Element Containing non-Serializable Item Elements, Data Resource Access without Use of Connection Pooling, Non-SQL Invokable Control Element with Excessive Number of Data Resource Accesses, Parent Class without Virtual Destructor Method, Class Instance Self Destruction Control Element, Invokable Control Element with Excessive File or Data Access Operations, Invokable Control Element with Excessive Volume of Commented-out Code, Class with Virtual Method without a Virtual Destructor, Large Data Table with Excessive Number of Indices, Use of Object without Invoking Destructor Method, Use of Same Invokable Control Element in Multiple Architectural Layers, Excessive Index Range Scan for a Data Resource, Persistent Storable Data Element without Associated Comparison Control Element, Data Element containing Pointer Item without Proper Copy Control Element, Inconsistent Naming Conventions for Identifiers, Reliance on Runtime Component in Generated Code, Reliance on Machine-Dependent Data Representation, Use of Platform-Dependent Third Party Components, Use of Unmaintained Third Party Components, Insufficient Isolation of Symbolic Constant Definitions, Use of Same Variable for Multiple Purposes, Source Code Element without Standard Prologue, Callable with Insufficient Behavioral Summary, Declaration of Variable with Unnecessarily Wide Scope, Compilation with Insufficient Warnings or Errors, Incorrect Use of Autoboxing and Unboxing for Performance Critical Operations, Incorrect Behavior Order: Early Validation, Incorrect Behavior Order: Early Amplification, Behavioral Change in New Version or Environment, Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling'), Compiler Optimization Removal or Modification of Security-critical Code, Loop with Unreachable Exit Condition ('Infinite Loop'), Improper Enforcement of a Single, Unique Action, Improper Enforcement of Behavioral Workflow, Processor Optimization Removal or Modification of Security-critical Code, Weak Password Recovery Mechanism for Forgotten Password, Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling, Premature Release of Resource During Expected Lifetime, Improper Enforcement of Message Integrity During Transmission in a Communication Channel, Improper Verification of Source of a Communication Channel, Incorrectly Specified Destination in a Communication Channel, Multiple Inheritance from Concrete Classes, Invokable Control Element with Variadic Parameters, Excessive Number of Inefficient Server-Side Data Accesses, Invokable Control Element with Signature Containing an Excessive Number of Parameters, Unconditional Control Flow Transfer outside of Switch Block, Source Code File with Excessive Number of Lines of Code, Class with Excessive Number of Child Classes, Loop Condition Value Update within the Loop, Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition, Symbolic Name not Mapping to Correct Object, Race Condition During Access to Alternate Channel, Unsynchronized Access to Shared Data in a Multithreaded Context, Use of a Non-reentrant Function in a Concurrent Context, Invokable Control Element in Multi-Thread Context with non-Final Static Storable or Member Element, Synchronous Access of Remote Resource without Timeout, Storing Passwords in a Recoverable Format, Use of Password Hash With Insufficient Computational Effort, Incorrect Usage of Seeds in Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG), Use of Cryptographically Weak Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG), Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature, Use of a Cryptographic Primitive with a Risky Implementation, Acceptance of Extraneous Untrusted Data With Trusted Data, Improper Validation of Integrity Check Value, Reliance on Cookies without Validation and Integrity Checking, Reliance on Obfuscation or Encryption of Security-Relevant Inputs without Integrity Checking, Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere, Improper Handling of Length Parameter Inconsistency, Improper Handling of Missing Special Element, Improper Handling of Additional Special Element, Improper Handling of Inconsistent Special Elements, Improper Handling of Unexpected Data Type, Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification), Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID), External Control of Assumed-Immutable Web Parameter, URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect'), Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference, Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion'), Improper Neutralization of Equivalent Special Elements, Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection'), Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting'), Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection'), Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection'), Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an LDAP Query ('LDAP Injection'), XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection), Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection'), Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection'), Improper Neutralization of Directives in Statically Saved Code ('Static Code Injection'), Duplicate Key in Associative List (Alist), Improper Restriction of Names for Files and Other Resources, Improper Neutralization of Data within XPath Expressions ('XPath Injection'), Improper Neutralization of Data within XQuery Expressions ('XQuery Injection'), Only Filtering Special Elements at a Specified Location, Inappropriate Encoding for Output Context, Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an Expression Language Statement ('Expression Language Injection'), Improper Neutralization of Formula Elements in a CSV File, Inconsistency Between Implementation and Documented Design, Incomplete Documentation of Program Execution, Insufficient Documentation of Error Handling Techniques, Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following'), Improper Handling of File Names that Identify Virtual Resources, Creation of Temporary File With Insecure Permissions, Creation of Temporary File in Directory with Insecure Permissions, Invocation of a Control Element at an Unnecessarily Deep Horizontal Layer, Data Access Operations Outside of Expected Data Manager Component, Parent Class with References to Child Class, Data Access from Outside Expected Data Manager Component, Method Containing Access of a Member Element from Another Class, Insufficient Isolation of System-Dependent Functions, Insufficient Encapsulation of Machine-Dependent Functionality, Error Conditions, Return Values, Status Codes, Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information, Detection of Error Condition Without Action, Use of NullPointerException Catch to Detect NULL Pointer Dereference, Declaration of Catch for Generic Exception, Declaration of Throws for Generic Exception, Missing Standardized Error Handling Mechanism, Attempt to Access Child of a Non-structure Pointer, Comparison of Object References Instead of Object Contents, Dangerous Signal Handler not Disabled During Sensitive Operations, Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type, Signal Handler Use of a Non-reentrant Function, Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data, Improper Removal of Sensitive Information Before Storage or Transfer, Exposure of Sensitive Information Due to Incompatible Policies, Invocation of Process Using Visible Sensitive Information, Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Debugging Code, Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information, Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information, Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor, Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere, Use of Cache Containing Sensitive Information, Inclusion of Sensitive Information in Source Code, Storage of Sensitive Data in a Mechanism without Access Control, Exposure of Sensitive Information Through Metadata, Sensitive Information in Resource Not Removed Before Reuse, External Initialization of Trusted Variables or Data Stores, Initialization with Hard-Coded Network Resource Configuration Data, Excessive Use of Hard-Coded Literals in Initialization, Insecure Default Initialization of Resource, Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow'), Access of Memory Location Before Start of Buffer, Access of Memory Location After End of Buffer, Buffer Access with Incorrect Length Value, Incorrect Conversion between Numeric Types, Numeric Range Comparison Without Minimum Check, Floating Point Comparison with Incorrect Operator, Insufficient Precision or Accuracy of a Real Number, Incorrect Parsing of Numbers with Different Radices, Improper Handling of Insufficient Permissions or Privileges, Access to Critical Private Variable via Public Method, Return of Pointer Value Outside of Expected Range, Use of Pointer Subtraction to Determine Size, Assignment of a Fixed Address to a Pointer, Creation of chroot Jail Without Changing Working Directory, Improper Handling of Insufficient Privileges, Predictable Exact Value from Previous Values, Predictable Value Range from Previous Values, Use of Predictable Algorithm in Random Number Generator, Exposure of File Descriptor to Unintended Control Sphere ('File Descriptor Leak'), Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection'), Dangling Database Cursor ('Cursor Injection'), Missing Reference to Active Allocated Resource, Missing Release of Resource after Effective Lifetime, Improper Control of Dynamically-Identified Variables, Improperly Controlled Modification of Dynamically-Determined Object Attributes, Improper Restriction of Power Consumption, Signal Handler with Functionality that is not Asynchronous-Safe, Signal Handler Function Associated with Multiple Signals, External Control of System or Configuration Setting, Passing Mutable Objects to an Untrusted Method, Returning a Mutable Object to an Untrusted Caller, Unintended Reentrant Invocation of Non-reentrant Code Via Nested Calls, Use of Externally-Controlled Format String, Incorrect Calculation of Multi-Byte String Length, Use of Wrong Operator in String Comparison, Access of Resource Using Incompatible Type ('Type Confusion'), Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information in GUI, Product UI does not Warn User of Unsafe Actions, Insufficient UI Warning of Dangerous Operations, Unimplemented or Unsupported Feature in UI, Insufficient Visual Distinction of Homoglyphs Presented to User, Improper Restriction of Rendered UI Layers or Frames, Exposure of Data Element to Wrong Session, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Homeland Security Systems Engineering and Development Institute. 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