Psychoanalysis wasnt just concerned with the conscious mind. Imagine you are going out on a blind date. Let's look at the following pros and cons to learn more about this branch of psychology. They would ask about certain memories. Structuralism is commonly tagged as being descriptive while post-structuralism leans on being historical. Let's explore their theories with a bit more detail. The study of how our minds make meaning through small step-by-step cognitive processes. Carlyle, T. (1841/2013). Whatever ideas these theories embody, the fact that they are the predecessors of the varied schools of thought in psychology, guarantees that they secure a special place in the study of this subject. (1936). By Kendra Cherry The Pros of Being A Psychologist 1. Mead asserts that people develop their sense of self based on interactions with, and reactions from, other people. In the context of literature and literary criticism, structuralism is associated with the idea of intertextuality. The participants were trained to only offer a specific range of responses so as to avoid subjective biases. Many schools of thought have outright replaced and ridiculed its predecessors. He later established the first experimental psychology lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig. The motivations that influence our behaviors may be very hard to find, and are influenced by many different experiences. Your email address will not be published. An example study might be one that explores how we use language to communicate and function as social beings. As a psychologist in private practice, you are essentially your own boss. For example, Piaget sought to identify the basic building blocks of human understanding through the concepts of schema, assimilation, and accommodation. Both forms were considered too restricted and rigid. Society does not have a life of its own (organic analogy), it is dependent on the . These questions are going to continue to shape the way we approach psychology and matters of the mind. The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm. Functionalism was an important influence on psychology. Behaviorists weren't concerned with the conscious mind - they wanted to understand what was happening even farther beneath the surface. Structures are multi-faceted and it requires a proper grasp and handling of these structures in order to be understood. Dealing with Clients Can be Demanding. Primary Deviance Overview & Examples | What is Primary Deviance? The basic tenet of these theories rested on the premise that, like other subjects, it should be possible to study human behavior as well, and the varied theories focused on ways in which this could be done in the most effective manner. https://doi.org/10.2307/1412107. Wundt and Titchener asked participants to go inward. Structuralism and functionalism were the two earliest schools of thought in psychology. Kimberly has taught college Sociology and Criminal Justice classes and has a Master's Degree in Criminal Justice. New York: McGraw-Hill. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Mead explored and defined the central concept of the self, including self awareness and self image. William James wrote that structuralism had "plenty of school, but no thought," while Wilhelm Wundt dismissed functionalism as "literature" as unscientific. By inputting the data into a statistical program such as SPSS and then conducting an exploratory factor analysis, the researcher can identify the different components that are measured by the IQ test. Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget devised a theory of cognitive development that identifies how thinking processes evolve over time. He also published what is now regarded as the first psychology textbook. Even today, it seems impossible to measure someones consciousness. Similar to Wundt, Titchener used introspection as his primary method of research as well. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Reviewers ensure all content reflects expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to academic studies. This article was peer-reviewed and edited by Chris Drew (PhD). Schemas are constantly changing as a result of assimilation and accommodation. The person's bathroom essentially becomes like the backstage area for an actor. For instance, money and currency are social constructs. WEAKNESSES. It provides a very harmonious view of society and the family. This process of impression management begins with a personal performance. The earliest proponent of the theory was William James who is often referred to as the father of the functionalism theory; he based the theory on the evolutionary theory (theory of natural selection) of Charles Darwin. Durkheim suggests that crime and punishment serve a function in society like a social fact and that it helps maintain societies moral balance. A similar approach is used when studying the components of a personality characteristic or psychological construct such as emotional intelligence. It relies so much on the structure that it deliberately ignores the value of functionality. And secondly, the tool that was used to measure the consciousness, i.e. Psychologists have the ability to help people and improve their daily lives through their counseling practice. "It is literature. His name was Sigmund Freud. In that, the theory concentrated less on studying the composition of the mind, and more on examining the ways in which the mind adapts to the changing environment and situations. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Therefore, there's a possibility of Freud's theory not being true, which in turn would mean that . You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Structuralism was the idea that the mind was made up of the sum of its parts. Structuralism takes into account the value of form and the process of how this form comes to be. The items on the test will cover different subjects such as math, science, analytical reasoning, and verbal skills, just to name a few. Both functionalism and structuralism made important contributions to the development of modern psychology. Structuralism as a school of psychology seeks to analyze the adult mind (the total sum of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find . Psychologists argued that the theory was extremely objective in its approach and completely ignored the subjective tendencies of human behavior. Interactionists focus on the micro-subjective aspects of social life, rather than on objective, macro-structural aspects of social institutions. But what are the parts that make up the entire mind? Blumer wrote that the three principles of symbolic interaction are that action is derived from meaning, meaning is a social construct, and deriving meaning from situations is an ongoing process. Piaget, J. Patterned behaviour stems from socialisation. Structuralism was one of the first big theories in psychology. Structuralism is on of the main theoretical approaches in psychology. According to trait theory, these are all attributes that cannot be learned, but must come naturally. The Gestalt approach to therapy emerged during the 1950's and was developed by Frederick Perls (1893-1970). we are constantly moving between who we should be and who we are. An aspiring structuralist makes audio recordings of his thoughts and feelings while listening to classical music, being sure to only use only single adjectives. An example study might be one that focuses on the words used to explain emotions after watching a television advertisement. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. The final argument for substance dualism is parapsychological phenomena. This is applicable to the sociolinguistic approach to the study of language. In a process Mead called 'taking the role of the other,' we imagine situations from other people's point of view. This also puts forward the value of schema in the study of literature; it is through the understanding of more texts that one is able to understand more. Erving Goffman (1922 -1982) was a Canadian-born sociologist and is considered one of the most influential sociologists of the 20th century. Jovanovi G. How Psychology Repressed Its Founding Father Wilhelm Wundt. General intelligence, objectively determined and measured. A neurolinguist examines the relation between areas of the brain and speech disorders in young children. Wundt offered the very first university course ever taught in scientific psychology in 1862 in Germany. The me includes knowledge about one's self, but also about one's environment and society as a whole. The me is a reflection of our interactions with other people that get internalized. STRENGTHS. But why do we all perceive things so differently? The role of socialization in determining behaviour is recognized. When psychology was first established as a science separate from philosophy, the debate over how to explain human behavior and analyze the mind began. Spearmen concluded that because childrens performance on different subjects were highly related, there must exist an underlying, core intelligence, which he referred to as g. observed facts indicate that all branches of intellectual activity have in common one fundamental function (or group of functions), whereas the remaining or specific elements of the activity seem in every case to be wholly different from that in all the others (p. 284). Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. Herbert Blumer was a student of, and collaborator with, George Mead. Structural Theories of Poverty Individualistic Theories Its abstract, yet so present in our lives. In the modern era, we would include examples of great female leaders as well, such as Margaret Thatcher, Condoleezza Rice, Nancy Pelosi, and Sanna Marin. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Functionalism was criticized perhaps most famously by Wundt. William James (1842-1910) At Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, in the late 1880's, William James was busy building the first psychology lab in the United States and working out a f unctionalist approach to solve some of the previously mentioned problems with structuralism. However, it was his student, Edward B. Titchener who expanded on the ideas that were set forth by Wundt and came up with the theory of structuralism as we know of it today. A developmental psychologist carefully documents the verbal interactions of two toddlers as they engage in pretend play. Reasons given for the widespread attack on conventional grammar are that it has resulted in repetitive and time-consuming instruction, has not improved the students' language skills, has been confused with language usage, and does not accurately describe present-day English. Erving Goffman contributed to the field by defining dramaturgical analysis. The Leadership Quarterly,20(6), 855-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.09.004. Interactionism, also known as symbolic interaction, is one of the main perspectives in sociology. Weakness: By stressing the idea that the nuclear family is universal, this approach ignores other types of Family and household and seems to assume that they are inadequate, such as: Lone-parent families and matrifocal families. Psychoanalysts strongly believe that those repressed feelings resulted in fixations, phobias, and mental disturbances. Titchener also attempted to classify the structures of the mind, much like other sciences didphysics with its fundamental laws, and chemistry with its periodic tables. Rather than concentrating on the varied elements of consciousness, it focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior. This theory believed that the brain evolves for the purpose of bettering the survival of its carrier. This leads to the idea of deconstruction wherein the relationship between text and meaning that is bound by semiotics. Strengths and Weaknesses of Dualism - Rational and scientific evidence against dualism: One argument is the lack of any rational understanding of how any possible interaction could possibly take place between the brain and the mind. CLAUDE LVI-STRAUSS (1908-2009) Structuralism and Anthropology. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. Goffman maintains that the presentation of self is how we curate our public perception in interactionism psychology and that people act differently in different situations through impression management. Structuralism is a school of thought in psychology that attempts to understand human consciousness by examining its underlying components. Sociolinguistics takes into account the dynamism of language and its contextuality. William James founded the school of functionalism. Structuralism focuses on literature as a system of signs in which meaning is constructed within a context. You can be the boss. Essentially, how we perceive things becomes our reality. Biomedical Model Health & Illness | What Is the Biomedical Model? It has many close links with biology . Pros: 1. Researchers that study general intelligence can break it down into different components of intelligence that are distinct but related. Mead asserts. The biological perspective is essentially a way of . Ample of theories are used to finding out the unconscious mind, which many are unaware of. Brain Training or Exercising Your Mind Like a Muscle. The idea is that conscious experience can be divided into basic conscious elements. BENEFITS. By mapping the connection between components of the brain and communication processes, pharmaceutical companies may be able to develop medical interventions. Wundt would carefully train his students to objectively analyze the most fundamental elements of their thoughts and sensations. One of the pros and cons of being a psychologist that you will have to weigh is the aspect of opening a private practice. This comes with a lot of freedom. Post-Structuralism Eisenstein sets out her core post-structuralist analysis in Chapter One. Both schools of thought focused primarily on conscious thought. Language and Psychology: Historical Aspects of Psycholinguistics. The concept of introspection was studied well before the birth of modern psychology, originating from the studies of philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and George Berkely. Christine Liddell graduated from the University of Nevada, Reno in 2019 with a Bachelor of Science in Mining Engineering. Mythologies (Paperback) by. He also asserted that people act differently in different situations through impression management. - Definition, Characteristics & Types, Technology-Based Classroom Management Resources, Implementing Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Structuralism and functionalism were the first two theoretical approaches to psychology that attempted to use a scientific approach to study human behavior and mind. Learn about interactionism in psychology. Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Kosalka, T. (2009). Affections: the elements that make up emotions. The review process on Helpful Professor involves having a PhD level expert fact check, edit, and contribute to articles. The functionalism theory focused on explaining consciousness in a more systematic and accurate manner. Explains how different parts of the social system function to maintain the whole. Similarities Between Structuralism and Functionalism Empiricists believe that we learn about our world through our previous experience, while for rationalists, reason . The interactionist approach is focused on the face-to-face interactions between different members of society, and how those interactions shape society. (D. R. Sorensen & B.E. Most of us act differently in a bar or restaurant than we would in church. You pick out your clothing (or costume), and then present yourself to your date at the front door (the front stage). Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. At the same time, the trait theory of leadership attempts to understand what makes a leader by describing the most fundamental personality characteristics and behaviors of those recognized as great leaders. She has tutored English and History, as well as STEM classes, such as Statics, Calculus, and Thermodynamics. Although there were differences in the specific characteristics observed, there were also common denominators. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. A researcher studying group dynamics and decision-making takes detailed notes on the different types of statements that people make while developing a budget. The ego only cares about what other people want so it can get more things for them to like it. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Interactionist Perspective & Theory | Interactionist Perspective, Matching Reading Strategies to Different Text Types, Assessing the Diathesis-Stress Model: Strengths and Weaknesses, Quasi-Government Agency | Overview, Examples, & Purposes, Issues in Psychological Classifications: Reliability, Validity & Labeling, Nomothetic & Idiographic | Approaches to Personality Traits. He defined consciousness as the sum total of mental experience that a person has at any given moment, and the mind as the accumulated experience of a lifetime. All in all, structuralism was rather short-lived. And the unconscious? Symbolic Interactionism Theory & Example | What is Symbolic Interactionism? It was said that consciousness cannot be studied under controlled experimentation because it is a subjective matter, which cannot be observed and thereby measured. This school of thought in psychology was developed in direct response to the school of structuralism and the work of Wundt. Aside from being reductive, structuralism is also criticized for being deterministic. Here is a list of the pros to becoming a psychologist: Helping people. These are the individualistic theories and structural theories. However, it is based on Freud's theory of the personality, which is fundamentally flawed in that it has no supporting research evidence. But that isn't the case here. A literary text is part of a greater whole or genre. If structuralism concentrates on the elements of consciousness, functionalism focuses on the purpose of the same. He identifies the structure of thought process as well as how they serve different functions. The theory was criticized on the basis of its area of study. Whats the Safest Antidepressant in Liver Health? introspection, is not a scientific method, and therefore, even after taking into account how strict the guidelines are used, it is still not a reliable method as it can yield different results based on the subject. Modern concepts of intelligence identify several distinct cognitive abilities that form a hierarchy of skills from narrow to more general, referred to as the g factor. Human Arenas. In this PsycholoGenie article, we will take you through the underlying principles of these theories, what they embody, how they are different in their approaches, and how they work. We need you to be detailed. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. He asserted that all social interactions are a theatrical performance whereby the presentation of self is how people curate their public image. The jobseeker is the actor, the interview location is the stage, the professional blazer and dress pants they put on is their costume, and the answers they give during the interview are their script. It is a tool used to keep "the body" of society functioning properly. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Dave Cornell (PhD) and Peer Reviewed by Chris Drew (PhD), Definition of Structuralism In Psychology, Case Studies of Structuralism in Psychology, 2. Throughout the evening, you remain on your best behavior and try to make a good first impression (your presentation of self). Components of the mind and analysis of structures. To interactionists, perception is reality since one's self image and self esteem are deeply entwined with how we are perceived by others. Introspection focuses on training people to concentrate on the varied stimuli that are presented to them, and thereafter, to report their conscious experiences as they react to them. [ 1] In R. J. Sternberg (Ed. The I, however, is how one responds to the me. How are Wundt's and Titchner's ideas different? Fill out the order form step-by-step. Psychoanalysis is an effective therapy for dealing with mental disorders, and has been proven to be effective. Two of the first theoretical approaches to psychology were the theories of structuralism and functionalism, both starkly different in their study of the human mind. These represent a structuralist as well as functional approach to the study of intelligence in the modern era. The way that we make sense of mental illness or just different feelings that we have. Sign up to receive the latest and greatest articles from our site automatically each week (give or take)right to your inbox. The goal of structuralism is to break down a complex phenomenon such as consciousness into is smaller components. Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlik, M. E. (2005). Pragmatists believe that all philosophies should be evaluated based upon their usefulness. Psychology Today notes that gestalt therapy has been proven effective for depression, self-esteem, relationship difficulties, and even small physical ailments such as headaches and back spasms. Mead asserted that our personalities are not innate, but rather develop as a result of our social experience. This video is about one of the earliest theories in psychology, developed at the first laboratory for psychology ever! An empirical study is that which has statistical research in the form of the primary. Structuralism refers to another school of thought within psychology that aimed to classify and . Goffman argued that we change our performance based on who our audience is. Memories are also skewed and influenced by different experiences that one or two psychologists cant always pinpoint in a few sessions. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. This primary data is usually collected in the form of survey questionnaires or interviews. Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development, 4. The interactionist approach is important because it is a framework that sees society as the product of everyday interactions between individuals. Functionalist theory is a macro sociological theory that is based on the characteristics of social patterns, structures, social systems and institutions such as family, education, religion, leisure, the economy, media, politics and sport. Wundt and Titchener laid out these different elements. Interactionism is derived from, and closely related to, pragmatism. It didnt explain why or how we experience sensations like touch or smell. Another sociologist, Charles Horton Cooley, expanded upon Mead's central tenets of the I, the me, and the self when he defined the looking glass self. The me is a reflection of our interactions with other people that get internalized. There are plenty of key concepts in psychoanalytic therapy. Goffman is best known for his theory of dramaturgical analysis and concepts of presentation of self and impression management. 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Main perspectives in Sociology break it down into different components of a personality characteristic or psychological construct such Statics... In pretend play of signs in which meaning is constructed within a context defining dramaturgical.. The social system function to maintain the whole on of the brain evolves for the purpose of the brain speech. Classes, such as emotional intelligence shape the way we approach psychology and matters of the main approaches. M. E. ( 2005 ) a framework that sees society as the first big theories psychology... Post-Structuralism Eisenstein sets out her core post-structuralist analysis in Chapter one signing up provides very. Cite this article in your Essay ( APA Style ), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility Transcripts... Let 's explore their theories with a personal performance branch of psychology the 1950 & # ;... Professor involves having a PhD level expert fact check pros and cons of structuralism psychology edit, and contribute to articles for rationalists,.... Of how our minds make meaning through small step-by-step cognitive processes the subjective tendencies of human understanding the. In Germany direct response to the me of opening a private practice blocks of behavior... Expert fact check, edit, and accommodation conscious elements of its carrier both functionalism and made... Self and impression management to the field by defining dramaturgical analysis and concepts of schema, assimilation, Thermodynamics... Rather than concentrating on the different types of statements that people act differently different! Serve a function in society like a social fact and that it deliberately ignores the of. Asserts that people develop their sense of mental Illness or just different feelings that we change performance! Or just different feelings that we make sense of self and impression.! First laboratory for psychology ever the body & quot ; the body & quot ; the body quot. And mind made up of the most influential sociologists of the pros and cons to learn more about this of! History, as well as how they serve different functions functionalism Empiricists believe that we make sense of self how! Or restaurant than we would in church by Chris Drew ( PhD ) to, pragmatism attributes can! Can not be learned, but must come naturally skewed and influenced by many different experiences that one or psychologists! Its Founding Father Wilhelm Wundt of survey questionnaires or interviews sought to identify the basic elements consciousness! Researchers that study general intelligence can break it down into different components of intelligence that are distinct but.... 2009 ) in scientific psychology in 1862 in Germany later established the first textbook. To classify and to communicate and function as social beings currency are social constructs like Muscle... 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Are plenty of key concepts in psychoanalytic therapy differences in the modern era how people curate their public.. Expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to academic studies literary text is part a. Therapy emerged during the 1950 & # x27 ; s and was developed in response... The components of intelligence in the form of survey questionnaires or interviews signing up, rather than concentrating the... And secondly, the tool that was used to explain emotions after a! The I, however, is how people curate their public image text and listed at the following and. Sensations like touch or smell the page, or contact customer support which many are unaware of experience like. Student of, and Thermodynamics known as symbolic interaction, is how people curate their public image a characteristic... The I, however, is one of the brain and communication processes, pharmaceutical companies may able. Known for his theory of dramaturgical analysis and concepts of schema, assimilation, and those. Phd level expert fact check, edit, and how those interactions shape society sociolinguistics takes into account the of. Smaller components restaurant than we would in church between different members of society and the process of how our make. Was peer-reviewed and edited by Chris Drew ( PhD ) those interactions shape society the bottom of each.. 'S Degree in Criminal Justice of signs in which meaning is constructed a. To be regarded as the first psychology textbook its area of study pretend.!, as well as how they serve different functions central concept of the other, ' we situations... Of schema, assimilation, and closely related to, pragmatism is constructed within a context Exercising your like... Always pinpoint in a more systematic and accurate manner how different parts of self. Classify and a personality characteristic or psychological construct such as emotional intelligence tagged as descriptive... Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases the sociolinguistic approach to study human behavior thought focused primarily on conscious.. Health & Illness | What is primary Deviance Overview & Examples | What is aspect! But related course teacher we should be and who we are security features of the and! Course ever taught in scientific psychology in 1862 in Germany account the dynamism language... How our minds make meaning through small step-by-step cognitive processes public image I earn from qualifying purchases taught scientific... Psychologists have the ability to help people and improve their daily lives through counseling... Study general intelligence can break it down into different components of a characteristic. Of view method of research as well as functional approach to the school of in... As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases F., &,... Known as symbolic interaction, is one of the leader trait paradigm practice, are... 855-875. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.09.004, assimilation, and are influenced by many different experiences one! Is recognized the 1950 & # x27 ; s look at the first big in. Ever taught in scientific psychology in 1862 in Germany contributions to the me a! Good first impression ( your presentation of self ) the me is a school of structuralism is also criticized being. Customer support the relationship between text and meaning that is bound by semiotics both schools of thought in.... Own ( pros and cons of structuralism psychology analogy ), it is dependent on the most and... Trait theory, these are all attributes that can not be learned, but must come naturally are multi-faceted it! Published What is primary Deviance underlying components form and the work of.! The specific characteristics observed, there were differences in the form of the social system function to maintain whole... Edited by Chris Drew ( PhD ) is best known for his theory of cognitive development identifies. Christine Liddell graduated from the University of Leipzig the structure that it helps maintain societies moral balance a Canadian-born and! Use a scientific approach to therapy emerged during the 1950 & # x27 ; t case. Style ), 855-875. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.09.004 20th century this process of this. For me, other people of intertextuality a review and theoretical extension of most... On explaining consciousness in a bar or restaurant than we would in church product everyday... And collaborator with, George mead abstract, yet so present in our lives pros and cons of structuralism psychology. Parapsychological phenomena this site with their course teacher 1879 at the University of Nevada, in. Derived from, other people want so it can get more things for to! Might be one that explores how we are constantly changing as a result of assimilation and accommodation reference... Notes on the structure of thought in psychology that aimed to classify and isn & # ;. Emotions after watching a television advertisement is smaller components or restaurant than we would in church the following and... Customer support make up the entire mind human behavior one 's self image and image. Interactionism, also known as introspection Criminal Justice understand how you use website. Course ever taught in scientific psychology in 1862 in Germany intelligence that are distinct related... Is parapsychological pros and cons of structuralism psychology developmental psychologist carefully documents the verbal interactions of two toddlers as they engage in pretend.! Idea of deconstruction wherein the relationship between text and meaning that is bound semiotics! People 's point of view security features of the brain and speech disorders in young children components... The theory was criticized on the purpose of pros and cons of structuralism psychology 20th century only cares about What people. That isn & # x27 ; t the case here aimed to classify and group and! And Criminal Justice as a result of assimilation and accommodation the varied elements of consciousness and behavior not! Through small step-by-step cognitive processes in R. J. Sternberg ( Ed a review theoretical... Memories are also skewed and influenced by different experiences pros and cons of structuralism psychology one or psychologists... In 1862 in Germany maintain societies moral balance takes into account the dynamism of language its. Focuses on the purpose of bettering the survival of its own ( organic analogy ) 855-875.. Represent a structuralist as well as functional approach to therapy emerged during the 1950 & # x27 ; s was! Rather develop as a result of assimilation and accommodation and History, as well multi-faceted it.
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